Definition and Scope: The Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter is a portable medical device specifically designed for monitoring the oxygen saturation levels in the blood of animals. It is commonly used by veterinarians to assess the respiratory and circulatory functions of animals during surgical procedures, in intensive care units, or in emergency situations. The device typically consists of a probe that is attached to the animal's ear, tongue, or foot, which then transmits data to a handheld monitor displaying real-time oxygen saturation levels. Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeters are crucial tools in veterinary medicine as they provide vital information about an animal's overall health status and help in making informed decisions regarding treatment plans. The market for Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeters is experiencing steady growth due to several key market trends and drivers. One significant trend is the increasing adoption of advanced medical technologies in veterinary practices, leading to a rising demand for innovative monitoring devices like pulse oximeters. Additionally, the growing awareness among pet owners about the importance of quality healthcare for their animals is driving the market for veterinary medical devices, including pulse oximeters. Moreover, the rise in the number of pet insurance policies covering medical expenses is also contributing to the market growth as it encourages pet owners to seek comprehensive medical care for their animals. Furthermore, technological advancements in pulse oximetry, such as wireless connectivity and improved accuracy, are further fueling the market expansion. Overall, the market for Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeters is poised for continued growth as the veterinary industry increasingly prioritizes the use of advanced monitoring devices for better animal care. The global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter market size was estimated at USD 1053.05 million in 2024, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.20% during the forecast period. This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter market, examining all key dimensions. It provides both a macro-level overview and micro-level market details, including market size, trends, competitive landscape, niche segments, growth drivers, and key challenges. Report Framework and Key Highlights: Market Dynamics: Identification of major market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges. Trend Analysis: Examination of ongoing and emerging trends impacting the market. Competitive Landscape: Detailed profiles and market positioning of major players, including market share, operational status, product offerings, and strategic developments. Strategic Analysis Tools: SWOT Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, PEST Analysis, Value Chain Analysis Market Segmentation: By type, application, region, and end-user industry. Forecasting and Growth Projections: In-depth revenue forecasts and CAGR analysis through 2033. This report equips readers with critical insights to navigate competitive dynamics and develop effective strategies. Whether assessing a new market entry or refining existing strategies, the report serves as a valuable tool for: Industry players Investors Researchers Consultants Business strategists And all stakeholders with an interest or investment in the Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter market. Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market: Segmentation Analysis and Strategic Insights This section of the report provides an in-depth segmentation analysis of the global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter market. The market is segmented based on region (country), manufacturer, product type, and application. Segmentation enables a more precise understanding of market dynamics and facilitates targeted strategies across product development, marketing, and sales. By breaking the market into meaningful subsets, stakeholders can better tailor their offerings to the specific needs of each segment—enhancing competitiveness and improving return on investment. Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market: Market Segmentation Analysis The research report includes specific segments by region (country), manufacturers, Type, and Application. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on product type, end-user or application, Geographic, and other factors. By understanding the market segments, the decision-maker can leverage this targeting in the product, sales, and marketing strategies. Market segments can power your product development cycles by informing how you create product offerings for different segments. Key Companies Profiled DRE Veterinary Eickemeyer Veterinary Equipment Bionet EDAN Instruments Promed Technology Masimo Nonin Witleaf Medical Meditech EKUORE Mindray Animal Medical Shanghai Berry Electronic Technology Guangdong Biolight Meditech General Meditech Mediaid Inc Chase Sun Contec Medical Systems Shenzhen Amydi-med Shenzhen Mindray Animal Shenzhen Witleaf Medical E Thames Medical Solaris Medical Technology Market Segmentation by Type Standard Pulse Oximeter Pulse Oximeter with Separate Sensor Pulse Oximeter with Capnograph Others Market Segmentation by Application Animal Hospital Animal Clinic Animal Laboratory Others Geographic Segmentation North America: United States, Canada, Mexico Europe: Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia. Asia-Pacific: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand South America: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia. Middle East and Africa (MEA): Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA Report Framework and Chapter Summary Chapter 1: Report Scope and Market Definition This chapter outlines the statistical boundaries and scope of the report. It defines the segmentation standards used throughout the study, including criteria for dividing the market by region, product type, application, and other relevant dimensions. It establishes the foundational definitions and classifications that guide the rest of the analysis. Chapter 2: Executive Summary This chapter presents a concise summary of the market’s current status and future outlook across different segments—by geography, product type, and application. It includes key metrics such as market size, growth trends, and development potential for each segment. The chapter offers a high-level overview of the Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market, highlighting its evolution over the short, medium, and long term. Chapter 3: Market Dynamics and Policy Environment This chapter explores the latest developments in the market, identifying key growth drivers, restraints, challenges, and risks faced by industry participants. It also includes an analysis of the policy and regulatory landscape affecting the market, providing insight into how external factors may shape future performance. Chapter 4: Competitive Landscape This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the market's competitive environment. It covers market share, production capacity, output, pricing trends, and strategic developments such as mergers, acquisitions, and expansion plans of leading players. This analysis offers a comprehensive view of the positioning and performance of top competitors. Chapters 5–10: Regional Market Analysis These chapters offer in-depth, quantitative evaluations of market size and growth potential across major regions and countries. Each chapter assesses regional consumption patterns, market dynamics, development prospects, and available capacity. The analysis helps readers understand geographical differences and opportunities in global markets. Chapter 11: Market Segmentation by Product Type This chapter examines the market based on product type, analyzing the size, growth trends, and potential of each segment. It helps stakeholders identify underexplored or high-potential product categories—often referred to as “blue ocean” opportunities. Chapter 12: Market Segmentation by Application This chapter analyzes the market based on application fields, providing insights into the scale and future development of each application segment. It supports readers in identifying high-growth areas across downstream markets. Chapter 13: Company Profiles This chapter presents comprehensive profiles of leading companies operating in the market. For each company, it details sales revenue, volume, pricing, gross profit margin, market share, product offerings, and recent strategic developments. This section offers valuable insight into corporate performance and strategy. Chapter 14: Industry Chain and Value Chain Analysis This chapter explores the full industry chain, from upstream raw material suppliers to downstream application sectors. It includes a value chain analysis that highlights the interconnections and dependencies across various parts of the ecosystem. Chapter 15: Key Findings and Conclusions The final chapter summarizes the main takeaways from the report, presenting the core conclusions, strategic recommendations, and implications for stakeholders. It encapsulates the insights drawn from all previous chapters. Table of Contents 1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports 1.1 Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Definition 1.2 Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Segments 1.2.1 Segment by Type 1.2.2 Segment by Application 2 Executive Summary 2.1 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size 2.2 Market Segmentation – by Type 2.3 Market Segmentation – by Application 2.4 Market Segmentation – by Geography 3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints 3.1 Key Takeway 3.2 Market Opportunities & Trends 3.3 Market Drivers 3.4 Market Restraints 3.5 Market Major Factor Assessment 4 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Competitive Landscape 4.1 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 4.2 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 4.3 Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) 4.4 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans 4.5 Mergers & Acquisitions 5 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market by Region 5.1 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Region 5.1.1 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Region 5.1.2 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size Market Share by Region 5.2 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales by Region 5.2.1 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales by Region 5.2.2 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales Market Share by Region 6 North America Market Overview 6.1 North America Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Country 6.1.1 USA Market Overview 6.1.2 Canada Market Overview 6.1.3 Mexico Market Overview 6.2 North America Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Type 6.3 North America Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Application 6.4 Top Players in North America Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market 7 Europe Market Overview 7.1 Europe Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Country 7.1.1 Germany Market Overview 7.1.2 France Market Overview 7.1.3 U.K. Market Overview 7.1.4 Italy Market Overview 7.1.5 Spain Market Overview 7.1.6 Sweden Market Overview 7.1.7 Denmark Market Overview 7.1.8 Netherlands Market Overview 7.1.9 Switzerland Market Overview 7.1.10 Belgium Market Overview 7.1.11 Russia Market Overview 7.2 Europe Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Type 7.3 Europe Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Application 7.4 Top Players in Europe Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market 8 Asia-Pacific Market Overview 8.1 Asia-Pacific Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Country 8.1.1 China Market Overview 8.1.2 Japan Market Overview 8.1.3 South Korea Market Overview 8.1.4 India Market Overview 8.1.5 Australia Market Overview 8.1.6 Indonesia Market Overview 8.1.7 Malaysia Market Overview 8.1.8 Philippines Market Overview 8.1.9 Singapore Market Overview 8.1.10 Thailand Market Overview 8.1.11 Rest of APAC Market Overview 8.2 Asia-Pacific Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Type 8.3 Asia-Pacific Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Application 8.4 Top Players in Asia-Pacific Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market 9 South America Market Overview 9.1 South America Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Country 9.1.1 Brazil Market Overview 9.1.2 Argentina Market Overview 9.1.3 Columbia Market Overview 9.2 South America Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Type 9.3 South America Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Application 9.4 Top Players in South America Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market 10 Middle East and Africa Market Overview 10.1 Middle East and Africa Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Country 10.1.1 Saudi Arabia Market Overview 10.1.2 UAE Market Overview 10.1.3 Egypt Market Overview 10.1.4 Nigeria Market Overview 10.1.5 South Africa Market Overview 10.2 Middle East and Africa Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Type 10.3 Middle East and Africa Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size by Application 10.4 Top Players in Middle East and Africa Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market 11 Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Segmentation by Type 11.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type) 11.2 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2033) 11.3 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2033) 11.4 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Price by Type (2020-2033) 12 Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Segmentation by Application 12.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application) 12.2 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Sales by Application (2020-2033) 12.3 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market Size (M USD) by Application (2020-2033) 12.4 Global Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales Growth Rate by Application (2020-2033) 13 Company Profiles 13.1 DRE Veterinary 13.1.1 DRE Veterinary Company Overview 13.1.2 DRE Veterinary Business Overview 13.1.3 DRE Veterinary Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.1.4 DRE Veterinary Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.1.5 Key News 13.2 Eickemeyer Veterinary Equipment 13.2.1 Eickemeyer Veterinary Equipment Company Overview 13.2.2 Eickemeyer Veterinary Equipment Business Overview 13.2.3 Eickemeyer Veterinary Equipment Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.2.4 Eickemeyer Veterinary Equipment Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.2.5 Key News 13.3 Bionet 13.3.1 Bionet Company Overview 13.3.2 Bionet Business Overview 13.3.3 Bionet Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.3.4 Bionet Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.3.5 Key News 13.4 EDAN Instruments 13.4.1 EDAN Instruments Company Overview 13.4.2 EDAN Instruments Business Overview 13.4.3 EDAN Instruments Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.4.4 EDAN Instruments Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.4.5 Key News 13.5 Promed Technology 13.5.1 Promed Technology Company Overview 13.5.2 Promed Technology Business Overview 13.5.3 Promed Technology Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.5.4 Promed Technology Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.5.5 Key News 13.6 Masimo 13.6.1 Masimo Company Overview 13.6.2 Masimo Business Overview 13.6.3 Masimo Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.6.4 Masimo Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.6.5 Key News 13.7 Nonin 13.7.1 Nonin Company Overview 13.7.2 Nonin Business Overview 13.7.3 Nonin Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.7.4 Nonin Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.7.5 Key News 13.8 Witleaf Medical 13.8.1 Witleaf Medical Company Overview 13.8.2 Witleaf Medical Business Overview 13.8.3 Witleaf Medical Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.8.4 Witleaf Medical Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.8.5 Key News 13.9 Meditech 13.9.1 Meditech Company Overview 13.9.2 Meditech Business Overview 13.9.3 Meditech Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.9.4 Meditech Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.9.5 Key News 13.10 EKUORE 13.10.1 EKUORE Company Overview 13.10.2 EKUORE Business Overview 13.10.3 EKUORE Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.10.4 EKUORE Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.10.5 Key News 13.11 Mindray Animal Medical 13.11.1 Mindray Animal Medical Company Overview 13.11.2 Mindray Animal Medical Business Overview 13.11.3 Mindray Animal Medical Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.11.4 Mindray Animal Medical Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.11.5 Key News 13.12 Shanghai Berry Electronic Technology 13.12.1 Shanghai Berry Electronic Technology Company Overview 13.12.2 Shanghai Berry Electronic Technology Business Overview 13.12.3 Shanghai Berry Electronic Technology Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.12.4 Shanghai Berry Electronic Technology Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.12.5 Key News 13.13 Guangdong Biolight Meditech 13.13.1 Guangdong Biolight Meditech Company Overview 13.13.2 Guangdong Biolight Meditech Business Overview 13.13.3 Guangdong Biolight Meditech Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.13.4 Guangdong Biolight Meditech Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.13.5 Key News 13.14 General Meditech 13.14.1 General Meditech Company Overview 13.14.2 General Meditech Business Overview 13.14.3 General Meditech Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.14.4 General Meditech Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.14.5 Key News 13.15 Mediaid Inc 13.15.1 Mediaid Inc Company Overview 13.15.2 Mediaid Inc Business Overview 13.15.3 Mediaid Inc Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.15.4 Mediaid Inc Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.15.5 Key News 13.16 Chase Sun 13.16.1 Chase Sun Company Overview 13.16.2 Chase Sun Business Overview 13.16.3 Chase Sun Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.16.4 Chase Sun Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.16.5 Key News 13.17 Contec Medical Systems 13.17.1 Contec Medical Systems Company Overview 13.17.2 Contec Medical Systems Business Overview 13.17.3 Contec Medical Systems Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.17.4 Contec Medical Systems Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.17.5 Key News 13.18 Shenzhen Amydi-med 13.18.1 Shenzhen Amydi-med Company Overview 13.18.2 Shenzhen Amydi-med Business Overview 13.18.3 Shenzhen Amydi-med Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.18.4 Shenzhen Amydi-med Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.18.5 Key News 13.19 Shenzhen Mindray Animal 13.19.1 Shenzhen Mindray Animal Company Overview 13.19.2 Shenzhen Mindray Animal Business Overview 13.19.3 Shenzhen Mindray Animal Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.19.4 Shenzhen Mindray Animal Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.19.5 Key News 13.20 Shenzhen Witleaf Medical E 13.20.1 Shenzhen Witleaf Medical E Company Overview 13.20.2 Shenzhen Witleaf Medical E Business Overview 13.20.3 Shenzhen Witleaf Medical E Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.20.4 Shenzhen Witleaf Medical E Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.20.5 Key News 13.21 Thames Medical 13.21.1 Thames Medical Company Overview 13.21.2 Thames Medical Business Overview 13.21.3 Thames Medical Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.21.4 Thames Medical Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.21.5 Key News 13.22 Solaris Medical Technology 13.22.1 Solaris Medical Technology Company Overview 13.22.2 Solaris Medical Technology Business Overview 13.22.3 Solaris Medical Technology Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Major Product Offerings 13.22.4 Solaris Medical Technology Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Sales and Revenue fromVeterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter (2020-2025) 13.22.5 Key News 13.22.6 Key News 14 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints 14.1 Key Takeway 14.2 Market Opportunities & Trends 14.3 Market Drivers 14.4 Market Restraints 14.5 Market Major Factor Assessment 14.6 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market 14.7 PEST Analysis of Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Market 15 Analysis of the Veterinary Handheld Pulse Oximeter Industry Chain 15.1 Overview of the Industry Chain 15.2 Upstream Segment Analysis 15.3 Midstream Segment Analysis 15.3.1 Manufacturing, Processing or Conversion Process Analysis 15.3.2 Key Technology Analysis 15.4 Downstream Segment Analysis 15.4.1 Downstream Customer List and Contact Details 15.4.2 Customer Concerns or Preference Analysis 16 Conclusion 17 Appendix 17.1 Methodology 17.2 Research Process and Data Source 17.3 Disclaimer 17.4 Note 17.5 Examples of Clients 17.6 DisclaimerResearch Methodology The research methodology employed in this study follows a structured, four-stage process designed to ensure the accuracy, consistency, and relevance of all data and insights presented. The process begins with Information Procurement, wherein data is collected from a wide range of primary and secondary sources. This is followed by Information Analysis, during which the collected data is systematically mapped, discrepancies across sources are examined, and consistency is established through cross-validation.
Subsequently, the Market Formulation phase involves placing verified data points into an appropriate market context to generate meaningful conclusions. This step integrates analyst interpretation and expert heuristics to refine findings and ensure applicability. Finally, all conclusions undergo a rigorous Validation and Publishing process, where each data point is re-evaluated before inclusion in the final deliverable. The methodology emphasizes bidirectional flow and reversibility between key stages to maintain flexibility and reinforce the integrity of the analysis.
Research Process The market research process follows a structured and iterative methodology designed to ensure accuracy, depth, and reliability. It begins with scope definition and research design, where the research objectives are clearly outlined based on client requirements, emerging market trends, and initial exploratory insights. This phase provides strategic direction for all subsequent stages of the research. Data collection is then conducted through both secondary and primary research. Secondary research involves analyzing publicly available and paid sources such as company filings, industry journals, and government databases to build foundational knowledge. This is followed by primary research, which includes direct interviews and surveys with key industry stakeholders—such as manufacturers, distributors, and end users—to gather firsthand insights and address data gaps identified earlier. Techniques included CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephonic Interviewing), CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing), CAVI (Computer-Assisted Video Interviewing via platforms like Zoom and WebEx), and CASI (Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing via email or LinkedIn).
