Definition and Scope: Machine refurbishment service involves the process of restoring used or old machinery to a like-new condition, often including repairs, upgrades, and maintenance to extend the machine's lifespan and improve its performance. This service is typically offered by specialized companies or technicians with expertise in refurbishing various types of machinery across different industries. Machine refurbishment aims to provide cost-effective solutions for businesses looking to maximize the value of their existing equipment without the need for a complete replacement. By refurbishing machines, companies can reduce downtime, improve efficiency, and prolong the lifespan of their assets, ultimately leading to cost savings and increased productivity. The market for machine refurbishment services is experiencing steady growth driven by several key factors. Firstly, the increasing emphasis on sustainability and resource efficiency is prompting businesses to explore refurbishment options as a more environmentally friendly alternative to purchasing new machinery. Additionally, the rising costs of new equipment and the economic pressures faced by many industries are incentivizing companies to opt for refurbishment as a more cost-effective solution. Moreover, technological advancements and innovations in refurbishment techniques are enhancing the quality and capabilities of refurbished machines, further driving the demand for these services. Overall, the machine refurbishment market is poised for continued expansion as businesses seek ways to optimize their operations and assets in a competitive business environment. The global Machine Refurbishment Service market size was estimated at USD 1485.68 million in 2024, exhibiting a CAGR of 4.20% during the forecast period. This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global Machine Refurbishment Service market, examining all key dimensions. It provides both a macro-level overview and micro-level market details, including market size, trends, competitive landscape, niche segments, growth drivers, and key challenges. Report Framework and Key Highlights: Market Dynamics: Identification of major market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges. Trend Analysis: Examination of ongoing and emerging trends impacting the market. Competitive Landscape: Detailed profiles and market positioning of major players, including market share, operational status, product offerings, and strategic developments. Strategic Analysis Tools: SWOT Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, PEST Analysis, Value Chain Analysis Market Segmentation: By type, application, region, and end-user industry. Forecasting and Growth Projections: In-depth revenue forecasts and CAGR analysis through 2033. This report equips readers with critical insights to navigate competitive dynamics and develop effective strategies. Whether assessing a new market entry or refining existing strategies, the report serves as a valuable tool for: Industry players Investors Researchers Consultants Business strategists And all stakeholders with an interest or investment in the Machine Refurbishment Service market. Global Machine Refurbishment Service Market: Segmentation Analysis and Strategic Insights This section of the report provides an in-depth segmentation analysis of the global Machine Refurbishment Service market. The market is segmented based on region (country), manufacturer, product type, and application. Segmentation enables a more precise understanding of market dynamics and facilitates targeted strategies across product development, marketing, and sales. By breaking the market into meaningful subsets, stakeholders can better tailor their offerings to the specific needs of each segment—enhancing competitiveness and improving return on investment. Global Machine Refurbishment Service Market: Market Segmentation Analysis The research report includes specific segments by region (country), manufacturers, Type, and Application. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on product type, end-user or application, Geographic, and other factors. By understanding the market segments, the decision-maker can leverage this targeting in the product, sales, and marketing strategies. Market segments can power your product development cycles by informing how you create product offerings for different segments. Key Companies Profiled Astro Machine Metso Woodstock Precision Machining Englert ATS Integral Machine Service Adelphi Group Warren Design & Build BELFOR Manufacturing Maintenance Solution Eastern Torque Services Dan's Machine Tool Peiffer Machine Services D&S Machine Repair Metro All-States Machine Repair Waldrich Coburg Gilman Precision Ellison DM Machine Repair Morsco Southwest Industrial Electric Omnifab HARtech NSFLOW IMR F.P. Miller Matcom Machine Ethics ACRA Market Segmentation by Type Machine Refurbishment Machine Maintenance Market Segmentation by Application Aerospace Energy Food Processing General Manufacturing Others Geographic Segmentation North America: United States, Canada, Mexico Europe: Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia. Asia-Pacific: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand South America: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia. Middle East and Africa (MEA): Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA Report Framework and Chapter Summary Chapter 1: Report Scope and Market Definition This chapter outlines the statistical boundaries and scope of the report. It defines the segmentation standards used throughout the study, including criteria for dividing the market by region, product type, application, and other relevant dimensions. It establishes the foundational definitions and classifications that guide the rest of the analysis. Chapter 2: Executive Summary This chapter presents a concise summary of the market’s current status and future outlook across different segments—by geography, product type, and application. It includes key metrics such as market size, growth trends, and development potential for each segment. The chapter offers a high-level overview of the Machine Refurbishment Service Market, highlighting its evolution over the short, medium, and long term. Chapter 3: Market Dynamics and Policy Environment This chapter explores the latest developments in the market, identifying key growth drivers, restraints, challenges, and risks faced by industry participants. It also includes an analysis of the policy and regulatory landscape affecting the market, providing insight into how external factors may shape future performance. Chapter 4: Competitive Landscape This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the market's competitive environment. It covers market share, production capacity, output, pricing trends, and strategic developments such as mergers, acquisitions, and expansion plans of leading players. This analysis offers a comprehensive view of the positioning and performance of top competitors. Chapters 5–10: Regional Market Analysis These chapters offer in-depth, quantitative evaluations of market size and growth potential across major regions and countries. Each chapter assesses regional consumption patterns, market dynamics, development prospects, and available capacity. The analysis helps readers understand geographical differences and opportunities in global markets. Chapter 11: Market Segmentation by Product Type This chapter examines the market based on product type, analyzing the size, growth trends, and potential of each segment. It helps stakeholders identify underexplored or high-potential product categories—often referred to as “blue ocean” opportunities. Chapter 12: Market Segmentation by Application This chapter analyzes the market based on application fields, providing insights into the scale and future development of each application segment. It supports readers in identifying high-growth areas across downstream markets. Chapter 13: Company Profiles This chapter presents comprehensive profiles of leading companies operating in the market. For each company, it details sales revenue, volume, pricing, gross profit margin, market share, product offerings, and recent strategic developments. This section offers valuable insight into corporate performance and strategy. Chapter 14: Industry Chain and Value Chain Analysis This chapter explores the full industry chain, from upstream raw material suppliers to downstream application sectors. It includes a value chain analysis that highlights the interconnections and dependencies across various parts of the ecosystem. Chapter 15: Key Findings and Conclusions The final chapter summarizes the main takeaways from the report, presenting the core conclusions, strategic recommendations, and implications for stakeholders. It encapsulates the insights drawn from all previous chapters. Table of Contents 1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports 1.1 Machine Refurbishment Service Market Definition 1.2 Machine Refurbishment Service Market Segments 1.2.1 Segment by Type 1.2.2 Segment by Application 2 Executive Summary 2.1 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size 2.2 Market Segmentation – by Type 2.3 Market Segmentation – by Application 2.4 Market Segmentation – by Geography 3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints 3.1 Key Takeway 3.2 Market Opportunities & Trends 3.3 Market Drivers 3.4 Market Restraints 3.5 Market Major Factor Assessment 4 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Market Competitive Landscape 4.1 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 4.2 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 4.3 Machine Refurbishment Service Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) 4.4 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans 4.5 Mergers & Acquisitions 5 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Market by Region 5.1 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Region 5.1.1 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Region 5.1.2 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size Market Share by Region 5.2 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Sales by Region 5.2.1 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Sales by Region 5.2.2 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Sales Market Share by Region 6 North America Market Overview 6.1 North America Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Country 6.1.1 USA Market Overview 6.1.2 Canada Market Overview 6.1.3 Mexico Market Overview 6.2 North America Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Type 6.3 North America Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Application 6.4 Top Players in North America Machine Refurbishment Service Market 7 Europe Market Overview 7.1 Europe Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Country 7.1.1 Germany Market Overview 7.1.2 France Market Overview 7.1.3 U.K. Market Overview 7.1.4 Italy Market Overview 7.1.5 Spain Market Overview 7.1.6 Sweden Market Overview 7.1.7 Denmark Market Overview 7.1.8 Netherlands Market Overview 7.1.9 Switzerland Market Overview 7.1.10 Belgium Market Overview 7.1.11 Russia Market Overview 7.2 Europe Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Type 7.3 Europe Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Application 7.4 Top Players in Europe Machine Refurbishment Service Market 8 Asia-Pacific Market Overview 8.1 Asia-Pacific Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Country 8.1.1 China Market Overview 8.1.2 Japan Market Overview 8.1.3 South Korea Market Overview 8.1.4 India Market Overview 8.1.5 Australia Market Overview 8.1.6 Indonesia Market Overview 8.1.7 Malaysia Market Overview 8.1.8 Philippines Market Overview 8.1.9 Singapore Market Overview 8.1.10 Thailand Market Overview 8.1.11 Rest of APAC Market Overview 8.2 Asia-Pacific Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Type 8.3 Asia-Pacific Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Application 8.4 Top Players in Asia-Pacific Machine Refurbishment Service Market 9 South America Market Overview 9.1 South America Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Country 9.1.1 Brazil Market Overview 9.1.2 Argentina Market Overview 9.1.3 Columbia Market Overview 9.2 South America Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Type 9.3 South America Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Application 9.4 Top Players in South America Machine Refurbishment Service Market 10 Middle East and Africa Market Overview 10.1 Middle East and Africa Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Country 10.1.1 Saudi Arabia Market Overview 10.1.2 UAE Market Overview 10.1.3 Egypt Market Overview 10.1.4 Nigeria Market Overview 10.1.5 South Africa Market Overview 10.2 Middle East and Africa Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Type 10.3 Middle East and Africa Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size by Application 10.4 Top Players in Middle East and Africa Machine Refurbishment Service Market 11 Machine Refurbishment Service Market Segmentation by Type 11.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type) 11.2 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2033) 11.3 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2033) 11.4 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Price by Type (2020-2033) 12 Machine Refurbishment Service Market Segmentation by Application 12.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application) 12.2 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Market Sales by Application (2020-2033) 12.3 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Market Size (M USD) by Application (2020-2033) 12.4 Global Machine Refurbishment Service Sales Growth Rate by Application (2020-2033) 13 Company Profiles 13.1 Astro Machine 13.1.1 Astro Machine Company Overview 13.1.2 Astro Machine Business Overview 13.1.3 Astro Machine Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.1.4 Astro Machine Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.1.5 Key News 13.2 Metso 13.2.1 Metso Company Overview 13.2.2 Metso Business Overview 13.2.3 Metso Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.2.4 Metso Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.2.5 Key News 13.3 Woodstock Precision Machining 13.3.1 Woodstock Precision Machining Company Overview 13.3.2 Woodstock Precision Machining Business Overview 13.3.3 Woodstock Precision Machining Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.3.4 Woodstock Precision Machining Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.3.5 Key News 13.4 Englert 13.4.1 Englert Company Overview 13.4.2 Englert Business Overview 13.4.3 Englert Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.4.4 Englert Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.4.5 Key News 13.5 ATS 13.5.1 ATS Company Overview 13.5.2 ATS Business Overview 13.5.3 ATS Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.5.4 ATS Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.5.5 Key News 13.6 Integral Machine Service 13.6.1 Integral Machine Service Company Overview 13.6.2 Integral Machine Service Business Overview 13.6.3 Integral Machine Service Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.6.4 Integral Machine Service Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.6.5 Key News 13.7 Adelphi Group 13.7.1 Adelphi Group Company Overview 13.7.2 Adelphi Group Business Overview 13.7.3 Adelphi Group Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.7.4 Adelphi Group Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.7.5 Key News 13.8 Warren Design and Build 13.8.1 Warren Design and Build Company Overview 13.8.2 Warren Design and Build Business Overview 13.8.3 Warren Design and Build Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.8.4 Warren Design and Build Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.8.5 Key News 13.9 BELFOR 13.9.1 BELFOR Company Overview 13.9.2 BELFOR Business Overview 13.9.3 BELFOR Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.9.4 BELFOR Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.9.5 Key News 13.10 Manufacturing Maintenance Solution 13.10.1 Manufacturing Maintenance Solution Company Overview 13.10.2 Manufacturing Maintenance Solution Business Overview 13.10.3 Manufacturing Maintenance Solution Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.10.4 Manufacturing Maintenance Solution Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.10.5 Key News 13.11 Eastern Torque Services 13.11.1 Eastern Torque Services Company Overview 13.11.2 Eastern Torque Services Business Overview 13.11.3 Eastern Torque Services Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.11.4 Eastern Torque Services Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.11.5 Key News 13.12 Dan's Machine Tool 13.12.1 Dan's Machine Tool Company Overview 13.12.2 Dan's Machine Tool Business Overview 13.12.3 Dan's Machine Tool Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.12.4 Dan's Machine Tool Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.12.5 Key News 13.13 Peiffer Machine Services 13.13.1 Peiffer Machine Services Company Overview 13.13.2 Peiffer Machine Services Business Overview 13.13.3 Peiffer Machine Services Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.13.4 Peiffer Machine Services Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.13.5 Key News 13.14 DandS Machine Repair 13.14.1 DandS Machine Repair Company Overview 13.14.2 DandS Machine Repair Business Overview 13.14.3 DandS Machine Repair Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.14.4 DandS Machine Repair Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.14.5 Key News 13.15 Metro 13.15.1 Metro Company Overview 13.15.2 Metro Business Overview 13.15.3 Metro Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.15.4 Metro Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.15.5 Key News 13.16 All-States Machine Repair 13.16.1 All-States Machine Repair Company Overview 13.16.2 All-States Machine Repair Business Overview 13.16.3 All-States Machine Repair Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.16.4 All-States Machine Repair Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.16.5 Key News 13.17 Waldrich Coburg 13.17.1 Waldrich Coburg Company Overview 13.17.2 Waldrich Coburg Business Overview 13.17.3 Waldrich Coburg Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.17.4 Waldrich Coburg Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.17.5 Key News 13.18 Gilman Precision 13.18.1 Gilman Precision Company Overview 13.18.2 Gilman Precision Business Overview 13.18.3 Gilman Precision Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.18.4 Gilman Precision Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.18.5 Key News 13.19 Ellison 13.19.1 Ellison Company Overview 13.19.2 Ellison Business Overview 13.19.3 Ellison Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.19.4 Ellison Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.19.5 Key News 13.20 DM Machine Repair 13.20.1 DM Machine Repair Company Overview 13.20.2 DM Machine Repair Business Overview 13.20.3 DM Machine Repair Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.20.4 DM Machine Repair Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.20.5 Key News 13.21 Morsco 13.21.1 Morsco Company Overview 13.21.2 Morsco Business Overview 13.21.3 Morsco Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.21.4 Morsco Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.21.5 Key News 13.22 Southwest Industrial Electric 13.22.1 Southwest Industrial Electric Company Overview 13.22.2 Southwest Industrial Electric Business Overview 13.22.3 Southwest Industrial Electric Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.22.4 Southwest Industrial Electric Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.22.5 Key News 13.23 Omnifab 13.23.1 Omnifab Company Overview 13.23.2 Omnifab Business Overview 13.23.3 Omnifab Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.23.4 Omnifab Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.23.5 Key News 13.24 HARtech 13.24.1 HARtech Company Overview 13.24.2 HARtech Business Overview 13.24.3 HARtech Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.24.4 HARtech Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.24.5 Key News 13.25 NSFLOW 13.25.1 NSFLOW Company Overview 13.25.2 NSFLOW Business Overview 13.25.3 NSFLOW Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.25.4 NSFLOW Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.25.5 Key News 13.26 IMR 13.26.1 IMR Company Overview 13.26.2 IMR Business Overview 13.26.3 IMR Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.26.4 IMR Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.26.5 Key News 13.27 F.P. Miller 13.27.1 F.P. Miller Company Overview 13.27.2 F.P. Miller Business Overview 13.27.3 F.P. Miller Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.27.4 F.P. Miller Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.27.5 Key News 13.28 Matcom 13.28.1 Matcom Company Overview 13.28.2 Matcom Business Overview 13.28.3 Matcom Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.28.4 Matcom Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.28.5 Key News 13.29 Machine Ethics 13.29.1 Machine Ethics Company Overview 13.29.2 Machine Ethics Business Overview 13.29.3 Machine Ethics Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.29.4 Machine Ethics Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.29.5 Key News 13.30 ACRA 13.30.1 ACRA Company Overview 13.30.2 ACRA Business Overview 13.30.3 ACRA Machine Refurbishment Service Major Product Offerings 13.30.4 ACRA Machine Refurbishment Service Sales and Revenue fromMachine Refurbishment Service (2020-2025) 13.30.5 Key News 14 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints 14.1 Key Takeway 14.2 Market Opportunities & Trends 14.3 Market Drivers 14.4 Market Restraints 14.5 Market Major Factor Assessment 14.6 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of Machine Refurbishment Service Market 14.7 PEST Analysis of Machine Refurbishment Service Market 15 Analysis of the Machine Refurbishment Service Industry Chain 15.1 Overview of the Industry Chain 15.2 Upstream Segment Analysis 15.3 Midstream Segment Analysis 15.3.1 Manufacturing, Processing or Conversion Process Analysis 15.3.2 Key Technology Analysis 15.4 Downstream Segment Analysis 15.4.1 Downstream Customer List and Contact Details 15.4.2 Customer Concerns or Preference Analysis 16 Conclusion 17 Appendix 17.1 Methodology 17.2 Research Process and Data Source 17.3 Disclaimer 17.4 Note 17.5 Examples of Clients 17.6 DisclaimerResearch Methodology The research methodology employed in this study follows a structured, four-stage process designed to ensure the accuracy, consistency, and relevance of all data and insights presented. The process begins with Information Procurement, wherein data is collected from a wide range of primary and secondary sources. This is followed by Information Analysis, during which the collected data is systematically mapped, discrepancies across sources are examined, and consistency is established through cross-validation.
Subsequently, the Market Formulation phase involves placing verified data points into an appropriate market context to generate meaningful conclusions. This step integrates analyst interpretation and expert heuristics to refine findings and ensure applicability. Finally, all conclusions undergo a rigorous Validation and Publishing process, where each data point is re-evaluated before inclusion in the final deliverable. The methodology emphasizes bidirectional flow and reversibility between key stages to maintain flexibility and reinforce the integrity of the analysis.
Research Process The market research process follows a structured and iterative methodology designed to ensure accuracy, depth, and reliability. It begins with scope definition and research design, where the research objectives are clearly outlined based on client requirements, emerging market trends, and initial exploratory insights. This phase provides strategic direction for all subsequent stages of the research. Data collection is then conducted through both secondary and primary research. Secondary research involves analyzing publicly available and paid sources such as company filings, industry journals, and government databases to build foundational knowledge. This is followed by primary research, which includes direct interviews and surveys with key industry stakeholders—such as manufacturers, distributors, and end users—to gather firsthand insights and address data gaps identified earlier. Techniques included CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephonic Interviewing), CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing), CAVI (Computer-Assisted Video Interviewing via platforms like Zoom and WebEx), and CASI (Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing via email or LinkedIn).
